Diplomasi Paralel dalam Hubungan Internasional Kontemporer: Studi Kota Bandung dalam Jejaring UNESCO Creative Cities Network
Keywords:
Parallel Diplomacy, Bandung City of Design, UNESCO
Abstract
This research analyzes the governance and practices of Bandung City’s parallel diplomacy in developing its identity as a City of Design. Using the concept of parallel diplomacy, the study examines the roles of governmental and societal actors in international collaboration supported by UNESCO. A qualitative approach was employed through in-depth interviews with the Department of Culture and Tourism of Bandung City and the Bandung Creative City Forum (BCCF), supported by document analysis and secondary literature. Overall, Bandung’s parallel diplomacy functions through synergy between governmental and societal actors, complementing Indonesia’s national diplomacy agenda in strengthening the creative economy and culture
References
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Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 1961. Pasal 3.
Chan, J., Lee, K., dan Santosa, H. Creative Cities in Southeast Asia. Singapore: ISEAS Publishing, 2019.
Dermawan, W., dan Akim. "Paralel Diplomacy by Local Government in Creative City Development: Bandung as UNESCO City of Design". Jurnal Hubungan Internasional 13, no. 2 (2020): 189-191.
Duchacek, Ivo. "The International Dimension of Subnational Self-Government." Publius: The Journal of Federalism 14, no. 4 (1984): 5-31.
Duchacek, Ivo, Daniel Latouche, dan Garth Stevenson. Perforated Sovereignties and International Relations: Trans-Sovereign Contacts of Subnational Governments. New York: Greenwood Press, 1988.
Hocking, Brian. Localizing Foreign Policy: Non-Central Governments and Multilayered Diplomacy. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1997.
Landry, Charles. The Creative City Index: Measuring the Pulse of the Urban Creative Economy. Bristol: Comedia, 2017.
McHugh, Kevin. "Paradiplomacy: Sub-State Actors and International Relations." The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 10, no. 2 (2015): 185-186.
Michelmann, Hans J., dan Panayotis Soldatos, ed. Federalism and International Relations: The Role of Subnational Units. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990.
Sassen, Saskia. Cities in a World Economy. Edisi ke-5. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2018.
Soldatos, Panayotis. "An Explanatory Framework for the Study of Federated States as Foreign Policy Actors." Dalam Federalism and International Relations: The Role of Subnational Units, diedit oleh Hans J. Michelmann dan Panayotis Soldatos, 17-35. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990.
Tavares, Rodrigo. Paradiplomacy: Cities and States as Global Players. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
UNESCO. Bandung: UNESCO Creative City of Design – Monitoring Report. Paris: UNESCO, 2019.
UNESCO. "UNESCO Creative Cities Network: List of Design Cities." Diakses 10 April 2025. https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/design.
Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 1961. Pasal 3.
Published
2026-03-18
How to Cite
Hanifa, M., & Dermawan, W. (2026). Diplomasi Paralel dalam Hubungan Internasional Kontemporer: Studi Kota Bandung dalam Jejaring UNESCO Creative Cities Network. JURNAL LENTERA : Kajian Keagamaan, Keilmuan Dan Teknologi, 25(1), 65-75. Retrieved from https://www.ejournal.staimnglawak.ac.id/index.php/lentera/article/view/1991
Section
Articles
